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This PRODUCT IS INTENDED AS A RESEARCH CHEMICAL ONLY.
This designation allows the use of research chemicals strictly for in vitro testing and
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SS-31 50mg
$150.00
≥99% purity · HPLC verified · MS confirmed
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Products will arrive in a lyophilized (powder) form for maximum stability
SS-31 (also known as elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted synthetic tetrapeptide that binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cristae structure and reducing reactive oxygen species. Research has examined its role in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion, heart failure, and age-related mitochondrial dysfunction. Supplied as a 50mg lyophilized vial at ≥99% HPLC purity, for research use only.
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Compound Identity
COMPOUND NAME
SS-31 (Elamipretide)
SYNONYMS
MTP-131, Bendavia, Szeto-Schiller peptide 31
CAS NUMBER
897016-82-9
MOLECULAR FORMULA
C32H49N9O5
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
639.8 g/mol
STRUCTURE
Synthetic tetrapeptide
PEPTIDE SEQUENCE
D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH₂
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
Molecular Formula: C32H49N9O5
Source: PubChem
Mechanism of Action
Elamipretide is a cationic, amphipathic tetrapeptide that preferentially accumulates in mitochondria owing to the high negative charge density of cardiolipin, a unique phospholipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Upon mitochondrial localization, Elamipretide binds to cardiolipin via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. This binding stabilizes the membrane, preserves cristae architecture, enhances the assembly and function of respiratory chain supercomplexes, inhibits cardiolipin peroxidation, and prevents the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). These effects support efficient ATP production, reduce oxidative stress, and limit cell death and tissue injury under conditions of mitochondrial dysfunction1-6.
Biological Activity
Elamipretide protects and restores mitochondrial function in a range of preclinical models by improving ATP synthesis rates, normalizing mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing ROS and lipid peroxidation, and attenuating apoptosis and fibrosis. This results in improved performance and reduced tissue injury in models of heart failure, renal ischemia-reperfusion, neurodegeneration, and skeletal muscle atrophy. Its cell-permeable nature and favorable safety profile enable wide distribution and organ protective effects1-6.
Storage
- Store at –20°C in a desiccated environment, protected from light.
Drug Categories
Mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic; Antioxidant; Cardioprotective agent; Neuroprotective agent; Renoprotective agent
Additional Notes
Elamipretide has advanced to clinical trials for heart failure, Barth syndrome, primary mitochondrial myopathy, and other indications related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Its mechanism centers on direct stabilization of mitochondrial membranes and bioenergetic improvement, distinguishing it from conventional antioxidants.
Summary Table
Property
Description
CAS Number
897016-82-9
Molecular Formula
C32H49N9O5
Molecular Weight (MW)
639.8 g/mol
Mechanism of Action
Mitochondrial-targeting peptide; binds cardiolipin to stabilize mitochondrial function, inhibit oxidative stress, improve ATP production, and prevent apoptosis
Biological Activity
Reduces ROS, enhances ATP synthesis, normalizes mitochondrial bioenergetics, reduces tissue injury in heart, muscle, kidney, and brain models
Supplied Form
Lyophilized powder or solution (research grade)
Purity
<95% (HPLC)
Storage
–20°C, desiccated, protected from light
Drug Categories
Mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic, Antioxidant, Cytoprotective agent
Additional Notes
For research use. Undergoing clinical trials in multiple disease areas
Disclaimer
For Research Use Only. Not intended for human or veterinary use. This compound is supplied solely for laboratory and R&D purposes.
Detailed Product Description
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a designer tetrapeptide specifically engineered to target and stabilize the highly specialized mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin. Its unique alternating aromatic-cationic motif enables rapid uptake and selective accumulation within mitochondria, where it binds tightly to cardiolipin’s phosphate groups and acyl chains. This interaction confers stabilization of mitochondrial cristae structure, preserves the integrity of the electron transport chain, and protects against lipid peroxidation and apoptotic signaling1,2. Through these actions, Elamipretide supports efficient ATP synthesis, prevents excessive ROS production, and mitigates downstream consequences of mitochondrial injury such as cell death, inflammation, and tissue fibrosis2-6. Elamipretide has shown efficacy in preclinical models of heart failure, skeletal muscle atrophy, kidney injury, and neurodegenerative disease, normalizing energy metabolism and improving tissue viability3. It inhibits mPTP opening and protects against ischemic and toxic injuries that compromise mitochondrial function. These properties underlie its broad cytoprotective potential and are the basis for ongoing clinical development for mitochondrial diseases and related conditions.
Research Highlights
SS-31 rapidly accumulates in mitochondria and binds specifically to cardiolipin, stabilizing mitochondrial membranes and preserving cristae structure even under stress or injury1,4-6.
The peptide enhances electron transport and ATP production by promoting assembly of respiratory chain supercomplexes and reducing electron leakage2,3.
SS-31 reduces the generation of reactive oxygen species and inhibits cardiolipin peroxidation, directly mitigating oxidative damage across tissues, especially in the heart, brain, kidney, and muscle4.
By inhibiting mPTP opening and cytochrome c release, it attenuates apoptosis and tissue fibrosis, supporting cell survival in diverse disease models5.
SS-31 shows efficacy in animal models and early-phase clinical trials of mitochondrial myopathy, heart failure, renal injury, and neurodegeneration, with a well-tolerated safety profile1-6.
Cardiolipin Binding and Mitochondrial Stabilization
- SS-31 targets and binds with high affinity to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, preserving membrane structure, stabilizing cristae, and preventing lipid peroxidation, thus maintaining optimal mitochondrial bioenergetics and resistance to stress2,3.
Respiratory Supercomplex Organization and ATP Synthesis
- By supporting the assembly and function of ETC supercomplexes, SS-31 enhances electron transfer, increases ATP production, and minimizes electron leakage that leads to excessive ROS, facilitating improved energy homeostasis in metabolically active tissues3
Redox Modulation and Cytoprotection
- SS-31 reduces the formation of ROS, inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, and curtails activation of apoptotic and fibrotic signaling cascades, collectively improving cell and tissue survival under conditions of ischemia, oxidative stress, and metabolic impairment2,4.
Pharmacokinetic Profile
Route of Administration
Subcutaneous
Dosing Frequency
Once daily
- Route of Administration: Subcutaneous Injection
- Dosing Frequency: Once daily
- Half-Life: Short; exact values vary by tissue and model
Formulation & Handling
- Supplied as a lyophilized powder or aqueous solution.
- Store at –20°C in a dry, light-protected environment.
Clinical Trial Activity
Trial ID
Title
Phase
Study Type
Sponsor
NCT06373731
ReNEW:Phase 3 Study of Efficacy, Safety & Pharmacokinetics of Subcutaneous Injections of Elamipretide in Subjects With Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration (Dry AMD) (ReNEW)
3
Interventional
Stealth BioTherapeutics Inc.
NCT02848313
An Open-Label, Phase 1 Clinical Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Subcutaneous Elamipretide in Subjects With Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration
1
Interventional
Stealth BioTherapeutics Inc.
NCT05162768
Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Subjects With Primary Mitochondrial Disease From Nuclear DNA Mutations (nPMD) (NuPower)
3
Interventional
Stealth BioTherapeutics Inc.
NCT02914665
A Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Cardiac and Renal Effects of Short Term Treatment With Elamipretide in Patients Hospitalized With Congestion Due to Heart Failure
2
Interventional
Stealth BioTherapeutics Inc.
References
1
Farroni, E., Mone, P., Kansakar, U., Jankauskas, S.S., Santulli, G. Elamipretide: A Review of Its Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Therapeutic Potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 26, 944 (2025).
2
Jefferies, J.L. & Van Hove, J.L.K. Barth syndrome cardiomyopathy: Targeting the mitochondria with elamipretide. Heart Fail. Rev. 26, 237–253 (2021).
3
Zhao, W. et al. Elamipretide (SS-31) improves mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic and memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. BMC Med. 17, 166 (2019).
4
Pharaoh, G. et al. The mitochondrially targeted peptide elamipretide (SS‑31) improves ADP sensitivity in aged mitochondria by increasing uptake through the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT). GeroScience 45, 3529–3548 (2023).
5
Yao, X., Bai, X., Pan, P. et al. SS-31, a Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide, Ameliorates Kidney Disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2023, 1–18 (2023).
6
Chavez, J.D. et al. Mitochondrial protein interaction landscape of SS-31. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 117, 15363–15373 (2020).
Quality & Purity
This product is synthesized via solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and tested to ≥99% purity by HPLC with identity confirmed by mass spectrometry. A Certificate of Analysis (COA) is available for every batch. Learn about our full quality and testing process →
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