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Glutathione 1,500mg
$75.00
≥99% purity · HPLC verified · MS confirmed
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Products will arrive in a lyophilized (powder) form for maximum stability
Glutathione is a tripeptide of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine — the primary intracellular antioxidant in human cells. The GSH/GSSG redox couple is a key marker of cellular oxidative status, studied across aging, mitochondrial dysfunction, and detoxification research. Supplied as a 1,500mg lyophilized vial at ≥99% HPLC purity, for research use only.
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Compound Identity
COMPOUND NAME
Glutathione
SYNONYMS
GSH, L-Glutathione, gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
CAS NUMBER
70-18-8
MOLECULAR FORMULA
C10H17N3O6S
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
~307.33 g/mol
STRUCTURE
Tripeptide
PEPTIDE SEQUENCE
H-gGlu-Cys-Gly-OH
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
Molecular Formula: C10H17N3O6S
Source: PubChem
Mechanism of Action
Glutathione functions as a critical cofactor for various enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferases, and acts as a primary electron donor to neutralize reactive oxygen species. It directly quenches free radicals and participates in phase II detoxification by conjugating with xenobiotics, rendering them water-soluble for excretion. Furthermore, it modulates cellular processes including immune response, proliferation, and apoptosis, and helps maintain the reduced state of other antioxidants1-4.
Biological Activity
Glutathione exhibits potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress throughout the body4. It is a vital detoxifying agent, particularly in the liver, where it binds to toxins, pollutants, and carcinogens2,3. Its roles in immune function include enhancing T-cell activity and protecting immune cells from oxidative damage. It has also been shown to inhibit melanogenesis by suppressing the activity of the tyrosinase enzyme, leading to skin-lightening effects3.
Storage
- Store at 2-8°C. For long-term storage, keep at -20°C. Protect from light and moisture.
Drug Categories
Antioxidants, Detoxifying Agents, Antidotes, Dermatological Agents.
Additional Notes
Glutathione exists in both reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) states. The ratio of GSH to GSSG is a key indicator of cellular oxidative stress.
Summary Table
Property
Description
CAS Number
70-18-8
Molecular Formula
C10H17N3O6S
Molecular Weight (MW)
~307.33 g/mol
Mechanism of Action
Major endogenous antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals, serves as a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes (e.g., glutathione peroxidase), conjugates with toxins for detoxification (via glutathione S-transferases), and recycles other antioxidants (Vitamins C and E).
Biological Activity
Protects cells from oxidative damage, supports liver detoxification, enhances immune function, and inhibits melanin synthesis.
Supplied Form
Lyophilized powder
Purity
≥99% (HPLC)
Storage
2-8°C (short-term); -20°C (long-term). Keep dry and protected from light.
Drug Categories
Antioxidant, Detoxifying Agent, Immunomodulator.
Additional Notes
The ratio of its reduced form (GSH) to its oxidized form (GSSG) is a critical marker of cellular health and redox balance.
Disclaimer: For Research Use Only. Not intended for human or veterinary use. This compound is supplied solely for laboratory and R&D purposes.
Detailed Product Description
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide composed of the amino acids glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, and it stands as the most abundant and important low-molecular-weight antioxidant synthesized within the human body. Often referred to as the “master antioxidant”, Glutathione is central to maintaining cellular redox balance, protecting DNA, proteins, and lipids from the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals1. Its unique chemical structure, featuring a reactive thiol group from its cysteine residue, allows it to directly neutralize electrophilic compounds and serve as an electron donor in a wide array of enzymatic reactions. Beyond its direct antioxidant role, Glutathione is a cornerstone of the body’s detoxification system. It is highly concentrated in the liver, where glutathione S-transferase enzymes catalyze its conjugation to xenobiotics, drugs, and carcinogens, transforming them into harmless, water-soluble compounds that can be easily excreted from the body2. This function is critical for mitigating the toxic load from environmental pollutants and metabolic byproducts. Furthermore, Glutathione is indispensable for a healthy immune system, promoting lymphocyte proliferation and protecting immune cells from the oxidative stress generated during an inflammatory response, thereby ensuring a balanced and effective defense against pathogens3.
Research Highlights
Neuroprotection: Studies indicate that maintaining adequate glutathione levels is crucial for protecting neurons from oxidative damage associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease2,3.
Anti-Aging properties: As a key regulator of cellular health and oxidative stress, Glutathione is heavily researched for its potential to mitigate the cellular damage that underlies the aging process2.
Dermatology and Hyperpigmentation: Research has demonstrated Glutathione’s ability to inhibit tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanin production.
This has led to its investigation and use as a systemic skin-lightening agent to address hyperpigmentation and promote an even skin tone1.
Metabolic Health: Glutathione plays a role in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
Glutathione deficiency has been linked to increased oxidative stress in conditions like type 2 diabetes1.
Direct Antioxidant and Redox Regulation
- Free Radical Scavenging: The thiol group (-SH) of the cysteine residue in Glutathione directly donates a hydrogen atom (electron) to unstable reactive oxygen species (e.g., hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion), effectively neutralizing them and preventing cellular damage1. In the process, Glutathione becomes oxidized (GSSG).
- Redox Homeostasis: The enzyme glutathione reductase continuously recycles oxidized glutathione (GSSG) back to its active, reduced form (GSH) using NADPH as an electron donor. The GSH/GSSG ratio is a primary indicator of the cell’s redox state and overall health4.
- Regeneration of Vitamins C and E: Glutathione is essential for regenerating other key antioxidants. It reduces dehydroascorbate back to ascorbate (Vitamin C) and reduces the tocopheryl radical back to tocopherol (Vitamin E), allowing them to continue their antioxidant functions1.
Enzymatic Detoxification
- Cofactor for Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx): Glutathione serves as the primary substrate for the GPx family of enzymes, which catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides to harmless water and alcohols, respectively. This is a major pathway for neutralizing damaging peroxides1.
- Substrate for Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs): In Phase II detoxification, GST enzymes catalyze the conjugation of the thiol group of Glutathione to a vast range of electrophilic xenobiotics, including drugs, environmental toxins, and carcinogens. This reaction increases their water solubility and facilitates their elimination from the body via urine or bile2.
Modulation of Immune Function and Melanogenesis
- Immune System Support: Glutathione is critical for the proliferation and activation of lymphocytes (T-cells) and protects immune cells from the high levels of oxidative stress they generate to fight pathogens. It thereby supports both innate and adaptive immunity3.
- Inhibition of Tyrosinase: Glutathione can interfere with melanin synthesis by inhibiting the tyrosinase enzyme, quenching free radicals that activate tyrosinase, and skewing melanogenesis from the darker eumelanin to the lighter pheomelanin pathway3.
Pharmacokinetic Profile
Route of Administration
Oral
Dosing Frequency
daily
- Route of Administration: Oral, intravenous, topical, intranasal.
- Dosing Frequency: Varies by application and formulation; oral supplementation is often daily.
- Half-Life: The plasma half-life of intravenous glutathione is short, approximately 10 minutes.
- Formulation: Oral capsules, lyophilized powder for injection, and topical creams.
Formulation & Handling
- Reconstitute with sterile water or buffer as required.
- Solutions should be prepared fresh and protected from light.
- Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
- Handle with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) in a well-ventilated area.
Clinical Trial Activity
Trial ID
Title
Phase
Study Type
Sponsor
NCT02948673
The Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Response to Glutathione Supplementation and Acute Exercise (DIMITOS)
N/A
Interventional
University of Copenhagen
NCT01016080
Role of Oral Glutathione in Skin Whitening
1
Interventional
Chulalongkorn University (Thailand)
NCT02424708
Phase IIb Study of Intranasal Glutathione in Parkinson’s Disease ((in)GSH)
2b
Interventional
Bastyr University (Seattle)
NCT06345950
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of a New Micellar Glutathione Formulation
N/A
Interventional
Factors Group of Nutritional Companies Inc.
References
1
Robillard, J. M., Gordon, G. R., Choi, H. B., Christie, B. R. & MacVicar, B. A. Glutathione restores the mechanism of synaptic plasticity in aged mice to that of the adult. PLoS ONE 6, e20676 (2011).
2
Sastre, J., Pallardó, F. V. & Viña, J. Glutathione, oxidative stress and aging. Age 19, 129–139 (1996).
3
Villarama, C. D. & Maibach, H. I. Glutathione as a depigmenting agent: an overview. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 27, 147–153 (2005).
4
Galano, A. & Alvarez-Idaboy, J. R. Glutathione: mechanism and kinetics of its non-enzymatic defense action against free radicals. RSC Adv. 1, 1763–1771 (2011).
Quality & Purity
This product is synthesized via solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and tested to ≥99% purity by HPLC with identity confirmed by mass spectrometry. A Certificate of Analysis (COA) is available for every batch. Learn about our full quality and testing process →
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